PANEL 4: Self–help in contemporary society (18th century– 1936)

All societies have developed mechanisms and institutions to address the misfortunes that occur in the cycle of life or the diffi culties derived from social inequalities. In the past, individuals faced diff erent situations such as diseases that could disable them for work; the arrival of old age; accidents at work; maternity; and so on. Since the 18th century, diff erent forms of self-help were developed by workers and middle classes, especially in the city, in order to cope with those kinds of difficulties.

This panel is open to receive contributions on the diff erent forms of self-help (mutual aid societies, mutual accident, employers, religious, insurance companies, etc.) that developed from the end of the 18th century to 1936. We know little about the subject and therefore, communications are expected on specifi c case studies about mutual societies, social impact, organizational forms, the extent of these self-help initiatives, and everything that helps us to know the development of these forms of social protection.