ACA [Archive of the Crown of Aragon]. Chancellery, parchments of Berenguer Ramón I, folder.8 doc. 52. Containing original and copy of the twelfth century.

Font i Rius, Josep Maria, Cartas de población y franquicia de Cataluña. Madrid, Barcelona, CSIC, 1969. Vol. 2, doc. 16.

Els pergamins de l’arxiu comtal de Barcelona de Ramon Borrell a Ramon Berenguer I. Barcelona, Fundació Noguera 1999, vol. 1, doc. 172.

Partial translation into Castilian: Textos y documentos de historia antigua, media y moderna hasta el siglo XVII. “Historia de España”, directed by Manuel Tuñón de Lara, Barcelona, Labor, 1986, pp. 329-330.

Letter of settlement of Cervera and its lands conferred by Ermesenda de Carcassone, countess of Barcelona, her son Berenguer Ramón I, count of Barcelona and her daughter-in-law Sancha de Castilla, countess of Barcelona, in favour of Guinedilda, coloniser, her children and other settlers.

In the name of Christ. I, Ermesenda, by the grace of God countess, with my son Berenguer, marquis and count and his wife Sancha, countess, give generously to you Guinedilda, woman, and to your sons Miro, Guilabert, and Amat and to you Bernardo Guifré and your wife Sancha, and Bonfill and your wife Amaltruda. Thus, out of our generosity we give to you our uninhabited land situated in the frontier area of the earldom of Osona, with its mountain and the castle that are to be found in the said place, which is called Cervera, which you against the attacks of the pagans have raised up before any other settler of the frontier area through your aprisio and the constructed tower that you already have under your control, together with the mountains and the coast and the plain that can be found within the boundaries previously written down. All of it was handed over to us through the generosity of our predecessors Borrell and Ramon, de bof good memory, counts and marquises, and because of the right of the wife over the goods of her husband and also because of royal authority due to the oath that we have over the said things done by our predecessors. The boundaries of our rights are: From the eastern part to the North first with the Pelosa, after with “Cascolino and the Castrosello” and the Fuente de Luciano and the tower of Zuleima and until the River Segre. From the North to the West we leave it to God to put the boundary and we trust, hopefully, that you will keep it from the jurisdiction of the Saracens; from West to South, first over the Segre and to the castle of Losor and through the valley of Losor to the Guardia Grande and to the fountain of the Murria to the aforementioned Pelosa, from where we started.

All that is to be found within the said boundaries we give to you, men and women cited here, with the condition that in the measure that God allows and you are capable of, you will end its uninhabited nature and the loneliness and that you turn it into cultivated land and build houses, castles and towers, that you do not have for such things any other lord, neither you nor your successors, than us and our successors. Half of all of these things and all that you are able to improve within the said boundaries you may consider your alodio and as of your own belonging, and you can do what you and your descendants wish. The other half you and your posterity may consider to be our and our posterity’s fiefdom out of fidelity. May our gift be firm and for always. Carried out the calendar day of February the thirtieth year of the King Roberto.

Signed by Ermesenda, countess by the grace of God. Signed by Sancha, by the grace of God countess, we who have made this gift and have been able to sign...

In Christi nomine. Ego Hermessindis, gratia Dei comitissa, cum filio meo Berengario marchione comite, et coniuge sua Santia comitissa, largientes vobis Guidinildi, femina, et filius tuis Mirono et Guilaberto et Amato, et vobis Bernardo Guifredo e uxori tuae Santie, et Bonofilio et uxori tue Amaltrudi, aliquid per gratiam nostrae munificentiae, donatores sumus vobis, sicuti et damus, terram nostram heremam adiacentem marchiae comitatus Ausonensis, cum ipso puio et castellare quod ibidem est, dictum Cervaria, quod vos contra infestationem paganorum positi ante habitatores marchiarum omnes, per vestram apprisionem, et turris constructionem in vestro iure iam retinetis, simul cum omnibus pugiis et prono atque plano quod inveniri potest infra terminos subterscriptos. Advenerunt nobis hec omnia per largitionem decessorum nostrorum Borrelli atque Raimundi, divae memoriae marchiarum comitum, sive per vocem iuris uxorum dati in rebus virorum, necnon et per regiam vocem, quam habemus in supradictis rebus sicuti et antecessores nostri. Habent namque hec omnia terminum per nostram iussionem atque nostrum consultum, de parte orientis sibi datum usque af partem septentrionis, primo in ipsa Pelosa, deinde in ipso Coscololio et in ipso Cannosello, et in ipso fonte de Luciane et in ipsa turre de Zuleima et usque in rivum Sigeris; de septentrione quoque usque in occidui partem soli Deo terminanda relinquimus et a potestate sarracenorum servanda expectantes confidimus; de occiduo vero usque ad meridium, primo in supradicto fluvio Sigere et sic inde revertendo usque in ipso castellare de ipso Losorio, et per vallem predicti Losorii usque in ipsam Guardiam Grossam; de meridie namque usque in orientem, primo in prefata Guardia Grossa et inde in fonte de ipsa Murria, postmodum in prenotata Pelosa, a que cepimus. Hec quippe omnia sicuti sunt posita infra suprascriptos terminos damus vobis supradictis hominibus nostris et supradictis feminis, in eo videlicet modo et ordine ut, in quantum Deus vobis permiserit et posse donaverit, a vastitate heremi abstrahatis et ad culturam atque habitationem hominum et ad constructionem tam castrorum quam turrium perducatis. Et de supradictis rebus alium seniorem vel patronum vos aut vestra posteritas sive vestri successores, non eligatis neque faciatis, nisi nos aut posteritatem nostram; sed medietate ex supradictis omnibus rebus, seu de omnibus augmentis quae facta sunt aut abinceps fuerint infra suprascriptos terminos, ad vestrum alodium et ad vestrum proprium habeatis, ad faciendum exinde quod volueritis, tam vos quam vestra posteritas sive successores vestri. Aliam quippe medietatem supradictarum rerum per nostrum fevum sive nostrae posteritatis posideatis atque sequri teneatis vos et vestra posteritas sive successores vestri, ad nostram sive nostrae posteritatis fidelitatem. Quod si nos aut nostra posteritas iniuste contra hanc nostram donationem venerimus aut venerit ad inrumpendum, non hoc valeamus aut valeat vendicare, sed componamus aut componat vobis aut vestre posteritati sive successoribus vestris supradicta omnia que vobis damus in tripplum. Et insuper haec donatio firma permaneat omnique tempore.

Actum est hoc kalendis februarii, anno XXX regni Roberti, regis.

Signum Hermessindis, gratia Dei comitissae. Signum Santiae, nutu Dei comitissae, nos qui hanc donationem fecimus et firmare rogavimus.

Signum Gondeballi Bisorensis. Signum Mironis de castro Pontibus. Sugnum Guilelmi de Lupariola.

Signum Poncii cognominato Bonifilii, clerici et iudicis, qui haec scripsit et signavit die et anno quo supra.

The presence of women in working the land, settling, colonisation and civilisation is constant throughout the medieval centuries. This feminine presence is especially noticeable in the frontier areas of the different regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Setting out on this basis we will bring into history women of diverse social classes who appear in the documents of the Catalan Earldoms of the Pre-Romanic and Romanic period –pre-feudal and feudal-, a time during which women left an active trace in the documentation. There are feminine hands that plough, that plant, that found, that pacify, that govern, that judge... and that also look after the children; they educate, they heal, they knead, they cook, they sew and embroider.

It is a period when symbolism was very important. Symbolism in Romanic painting is often shown in the hands; hands that express attitudes, mentalities and feelings. Amongst the Romanic hands I would choose those of Lucía de la Marca, countess of Pallars, painted at the monastery of San Pedro de Burgal. Lucía appears with one hand open, generous, in a gesture of offering, of giving; with the other hand she is holding a lamp, like the wise virgins, always alert, always ready, and she wanted her patronage to be known, so her name figures on the painting.

They were times in which pairs of colonisers snatched uninhabited lands, women peasants and men peasants, women and men side by side: “break, plough, cultivate, capture” lands up to the furthest point of the boundary with the Saracens. It was a constant trickle from the ninth century: I, Ermengarda and my son Otger and my daughters Ermengarda and Eldefrida sell you ... a house with a court and vegetable garden, cultivated and uninhabited lands, everything that we took out of the uninhabited land together with my husband Senaldo, deceased. This structure of the settler family continues; we read in a document of the eleventh century, I, Altamir, and my wife Sindola, are sellers ... of a vineyard that we obtained out of compassion and with the sweat of our work.

It was a period of hard work in the country. The remains of bones analysed in many places of the medieval countryside have shown that the women worked hard; they did work comparable to that of the men. It is a period of wars made by men, whilst the women cultivated, took care of the patrimony, administered the fiefdoms, commanded the castles, ruled earldoms. Their work was more recognised than in other periods of history, as can be appreciated in the ownership of lands, as well as in the rights recognised in the presiding laws and in the instances of power that they held.

It was more with hoes and ploughs, and not so much with swords, that the land was brought under control. Women peasants and men peasants snatched lands from the woods and the oak forests, they cultivated new fields and planted vineyards. The documents recognise this shared work; it is on record that the women participated in the ploughing of the land, from when it was uninhabited, abandoned, unproductive. However, this active presence is not reflected in history books; but they worked the land, built and founded; they were settlers, mothers and educators; they were there from the beginning.

Very interesting in this sense is the gift made to the Benedictine monastery of San Juan de las Abadesas by a coloniser called Grima; her three sons, fulfilling the wish of the mother and for the repose of her soul, granted to the monastery a piece of land that she brought out of its uninhabited state, together with us, her sons, the first men on the royal land under the dominion of the Franks, make the gift in favour of the Abbess Emma and the nuns of San Juan. Note that amongst the “first men” that colonised the Ripollés a woman is cited, owner of lands that are fruit of her own work, at a time during which the organisation of the area was also in the hands of a woman, Emma of Barcelona, maker of the legislation of that territory. We can discover, from the document that recorded the integration of diverse peasant communities under Emma’s control, that half of those signing, the heads of the family, were women.

The women ploughed side by side with the men, some even took the initiative, they occupied lands and built fortifications at the frontier, like Guinedilda, who, without husband, with her three sons and two pioneer couples, was the first to occupy Cervera, which was situated in a place very close to the kingdom of Lérida. This woman was the leader of a small group of pioneers; the Barcelona authority recognised her leadership by granting it to her and her people, but firstly her, the letter of settlement showing that she is the first amongst the first to settle and build in that place, before any other settler of the frontier area. That a woman is a leader is never an isolated fact; in that context there were other women protagonists in the history of the colonisation and organisation of the territory, so that we find lists of settlers headed by women; others act at the side of the men at a level recognised as shared work, like the couple who appear in the capitals of Ripoll.

During those first centuries there were few advances at the frontier, carried out by force of arms; we said before that the land had been taken under control above all with the hands that worked it and that put it in order, but there were also conquests; we will look at a concrete example that is sufficiently documented so as to be able to guess what the role of women was. Arnaldo Mir de Tost and his wife Arsenda conquered, repopulated, organised the valley of Ager and built in it. Her husband recorded in the canonical book, on making a gift of the town and the valley, that they had both conquered it, that I and my deceased wife built together. We do not know in what way she participated in the conquest, whether she took up arms, or rather advised and supported her husband and administered the patrimony; in any case, in her will she considered that she was entitled to her part of the arms, the same as the furniture, however, she stipulated that they should be sold in order to buy sacred ornaments, in contrast to her husband who left the arms to his men to use them in service of his daughters and grandchildren. We do not know if she fought, but we do know that she participated actively in the organisation and repopulation of the valley, establishing peasant families, ordering the construction of roads, bridges and hospitals, and she carried out work that was civilising, conciliating and peacemaking in the feudal wars.

During those centuries, cultivated lands grew all over Europe, especially in the frontier and newly colonised zones; there was an active participation of women in the work of settlement and construction – I say that in the widest sense – they built vineyards, villages and temples, they created and transmitted languages and culture, they consolidated family, genealogy and lineages. The presence of women in contact with nature that they tamed gradually brings us close to the land that bears fruit, mother earth, mother goddess; thus, in many places of the new colonisation there appear Virgins found in the caves, the woods or in the margins of the cultivated lands; the cult of the Mother, transformed into the cult of María, is more and more alive. There are Virgins who hold up the universe and the God child with their hands at the same time.

I Ermesenda, by the grace of God countess, with my son we give generously to you Guinedilda, wife, and to your sons… we read at the beginning of the letter of settlement of Cervera. Ermesenda, countess-mother, supports the work of repopulating and colonising of the land; she acts as the first signatory for the right given to the wife over the possessions of her husband, and she puts on record that at the head of the settlers was Guinedilda, pioneer-mother, symbol of the colonising woman in whom is recognised the work carried out in the occupation of uninhabited lands and the construction of frontier strongholds. The letter incited those new women and men settlers to continue to take lands out of their barren state and loneliness, transforming them into cultivated land and to build houses, castles and towers. Let us also take note that she explicitly refers to the condition of mother that these women had: from this “category” emanates a great part of their standing.

The countess figures before her son and her daughter-in-law; it must be pointed out that in spite of the fact that the name of Berenguer Ramón figures as a maker of the gift, he does not sign; however, his young wife Sancha does. Ermesenda had stopped having the guardianship of her son three years previously, but the law in force recognised the right of the widow not to get married again; she was above the son; just as the women peasants who were ruled by the so-called Gothic law, in all the Iberian Peninsula and in the French midi, had this right and fought in order to keep it. Ermesenda exercised her authority, first with her husband; in his name she presided over trials, like the one that in the year 1000 favoured a poor woman who had returned from captivity, she accompanied Ramón Borrell in the battlefield and above all in the peace missions like the one that took her to Zaragoza near the Moslem king of that city and which was sealed with the wedding of her son to the daughter, still a girl, of the count of Castile. With the death of her husband, she governed alongside her son, who died young, and afterwards acted as guardian to her grandson.

During that violent period in which the rapid process of feudalisation took place, Ermesenda surrounded herself with bishops, abbots and judges, with whom she tried to carry out peacemaking work, of establishing religious foundations, of repopulation and economic recuperation; she wanted to guarantee the law and public powers. But the times changed irremediably, feudal violence triumphed everywhere, the nobility desirous of power challenged her authority, the old law that the old countess defended was substituted by arbitrary trials, violence reached the heart of families; she found herself set against her grandson and stubbornly claimed her rights, she placed herself on the side of the moral reform advocated by the church, she defended the existing laws, the rights of women, the rights to just trials and the rejection of the ordalías. Finally she passed on her powers to her grandson Ramón Berenguer I, for whom she had almost been a mother.

The documents of the period present her and remember her as a pious woman; she was active in the founding and the endowment of churches and monasteries, amongst them the feminine monastery of San Daniel de Girona shortly after the one of San Juan de las Abadesas had been violently suppressed. Her will, like those of other women of the nobility of her time, is a journey round the cathedrals and the Romanic monasteries that were being built around her. They call it religiosa femina in the book of deaths of the cathedral of Gerona; a document from Navarre called it comitissa santísima.

In spite of everything, historiography has turned her into an authoritarian and ambitious woman, into a negative character. Other women, of her time and of all times, have been silenced by history; but in the face of this personage silence cannot be used, given that she exercised her authority from 993 practically until her death in 1058. The historians have opted to give her a very partial and negative perspective, I think that she has been treated unfairly. We could read her actuation not from the point of view of a desire for power but rather from that of an insistence upon legality. Ermesenda wanted the law in force to be complied with, beginning with her rights evidently, the rights that left women as the life holder of the possessions and rights of her husband; but the custom was changing and the widow was more and more left out in favour of the son.

At a time when the noblemen wanted to privatise the exercise of justice and for the arbitrary force of the trials of God to prevail over the decision of the city tribunal, Ermesenda defended the validity of the law over and above the use of force and arbitrariness – she affirmed that problems should not be argued over with arms, but rather with the law to hand.

The countess granted a letter of settlement in favour of a resettlement, she founded a monastery of nuns, she saw to it that the law which favoured widows was enforced; she listened to a peasant woman who had come out captivity... Historiography rewrites this aspect in presenting Ermesenda up against another woman, Almodis de la Marca, the wife of her grandson; History wants to remember her as an old pious woman set against the young feminist, who should be inexorably in combat.

It is certainly true that Ermesenda came up against her grandson Ramón Berenguer I –to whom she had been grandmother, mother, educator and advisor-, she opposed his marriage to Almodis, which was considered illegitimate by the church; but it was her who interceded personally with the Pope so that he might legalise what was a great love story of the eleventh century. Ermesenda swore fidelity to Almodis; we can imagine her with her old hands on top of those of the young countess, swearing in God’s name and that of the saints and their mothers: I Ermesenda swear, daughter that I was of a countess, to you Almodis countess, who was daughter of Amelia countess, that henceforth I will not disappoint either you or your life, nor the limbs of your body nor your descendence… Some historians have seen in this act a serious humiliation for the pride of the grandmother countess; we could see in it a deep act of love. The hand held out towards the other, who she calls countess, while she renounces this title.

We cannot forget that Ermesenda handed over the rule to Ramón Berenguer for the good of peace and in the name of love, remembering it thus: I beg the master Ramón, count, my grandson, together with the mistress Almodis, countess, your wife, for God and Saint Maria, his Mother, ...to take great care with my soul ... given that God knows that I have loved you more than anybody of your people, and you may know this through what I have done for you. I consider this sentence in the mouth of the octogenarian countess, when she signed her will around November 1057, brilliant, magnificent. She recognises that she has loved them, him and also her, consciously with the intention of doing so and with the feeling emanating from her heart towards the son of her son and his wife. What is more, she has shown active love in the things she has done for them, and she thinks that she has loved them more than anybody. Perhaps at the end of the day the old lady was right: the nobility had risen up against the count, and some years later the son of Ramón Berenguer would murder Almodis in the palace itself. Historiography has set these two women against each other; but Ermesenda said that she would be faithful to Almodis and that she loved her and trusted in her, and I believe that.

This topic was thought of as a way of learning how to make another reading of history. I want to highlight that this history, in spite of setting out from a specific document, has been constructed with diverse documents, and that the protagonists are various women, they are the women. They identify themselves as planters, settlers, builders, countesses, mothers… The society of their time did not silence them, their powerful word is recorded in writing: I Ermegarda sell..., Our mother Grima has told us..., Guinedilda the first before any other settler..., I Ermesenda give..., judge..., swear..., I have loved you...

I have wanted the central figures to be Guinedilda, mother and pioneer, similar to many other mothers and pioneers that there would be throughought Europe in those first medieval centuries, and the countess Ermesenda, a renowned figure of her time who acted with authority like other of her female contemporaries. History written by male historians has made them invisible, and when they have not been able to do this, they have minimised or underrated their presence.

What we would highlight is that they, in those so far off centuries, did not limit themselves to being spectators of events, rather they were protagonists; and we must insist that they looked at the world with the eyes of women, they acted in feminine, they made the land and the men of their times feel their ordering hands.